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Japanese expressions that may not be in your textbook but still important
D
どんぶり勘定(かんじょう) donburi kanjo
To make a rough estimate when doing a budgeting or any kind of financial calculation.  Donburi is a bowl (as used in Yoshinoya Gyudon stores).  You use that sort of bowl (rough measurement method) to measure something that is supposed to require accuracy (i.e., a household budgeting, small business).
 
If you are just writing checks without knowing how much you have in your bank account, you are definately doing a donburi-kanjo.
 
It is bad to do a donburi kanjo, but it makes it sound like you are a good simple person if you lament it.  It takes the images of greediness off your image if you are a donburi-kanjo kind of person.
J
情報交換 (じょうほうこうかん)をする joho koukan o suru
Do information exchange
When colleauges or friends have no particular reasons to get together, they rmust create a reason.  A typical one is to "do coffee," but especially when you need a reason to use your business/corporate expense, then it is better to use "joho-kokan o suru". 
 
In English you may say to an old friend, "Let's do lunch and catch up a little bit."  In Japanese you can say:
ランチでもしながら、情報交換しましょうか?(Should we do joho-kokan while eating lunch?)
 
Sometimes it is good to sound formal.  It takes some shyness off the conversation and be bald with your proposal to meet up with someone.
 
Japanese sometimes use such overly complicated kanji words to get rid of a sense of shyness and embarrassment when trying to say things that are unconfortable to say.  Have you heard of enjo kosai (援助交際), which formally means supportive interaction, but it just means prostitution.
 
 
K
替え歌を歌う (かえうたをうたう; kaeuta wo utau)
Sing a song, while switching words to make it funny.   If you do this in Karaoke with Japanese songs, your Japanese friends will be impressed.  Improvization of relycs (sp) is easier with Japanese songs because each music note carries one syllubus (as opposed to a word as in English songs).
 
N
鍋(なべ)でもどうですか?(nabe demo dou desuka?)
--demo doudesuka means How about XXX?
In Japan everything is about food.  So naturally when asking people out, you suggest a food to eat together.  So what about nabe does not mean whether you like nabe, but the person is asking you to hang out with you--usually at their home.
 
Nabe is a winter thing.  Technically It is a bowl you put on a small gas stove and place it in the center of a table.  It has soup, vegetables, and meat.  The idea is that friends surround nabe and eat it together.  The use of chopsticks to pick up foods directly from the nabe implies that you are friendly enough to share the foods, despite that the chopsticks may be technically "dirty" in a personal way (because of saliva), but you are allowing your friends to be sharing a tiny portion of saliva with you.  It means that you trust one another.
 
Other variation:
Yakiniku demo deudesuka is asking someone out for Korean BBQ.   But this is usually for dine-out.
 
二度寝(にどね)する (nido-ne suru)
Nido-ne means "twice-sleep."  When a Japanese wakes up once in the morning but goes back to sleep, he/she calls it "nido-ne (twice-sleep, double-sleep)." 
 
By a custom, a Japanese person has to regret it all day since their folk theory says that a nido-ne makes people extra tired and perhaps even unhealthy.  A typical Japanese person regrets and admits/confide it with family members and colleagues, "I am so tired today because I did nido-ne.  I should not have done that."
 
The true reason why, I think, Japanese people talk about nido-ne is that in Japan it is a sign of friendliness to share a little bit of health information.  Nido-ne provides a light thing to talk about and appear friendly to friends and colleagues--as opposed to other heavier health information, involing nasty illnessses.
 
If you yourself make a big deal about it yourself and complains it to Japanese friends all day long, people would think you sound very Japanese and you are now true friends to them.
 
Example:
今日は二度寝したから、しんどい。Kyo-wa nido-ne shita kara shindoi.
I am tired because I did nido-ne this morning.  Shindoi can be replaced by "tsukareta (tired)" but perhaps "tsukareru" a present form sounds better.
 
There is another health related thing that Japanese people often say to friends and colleagues:
 
寝違えた(ねちがえた nechigaeta)。
Ne means "sleep" and "Chigaeta" is "did it wrong."  People complain this when they slept in a wrong form the previous night and have a pain in the neck.
 
今日(きょう)は、寝違えて(ねちが)、首(くび)がいたい。I slept in a wrong form, so my neck hurts.
 
Start confessing your health statuses in this way and sound friendly in Japanese!
 

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